Design Challenges of Analog-to-Digital Converters in Nanoscale CMOS

This paper discusses issues in the design of analog-todigital converters (ADCs) in nanoscale CMOS and introduces some experimental designs incorporating techniques to solve these issues. Technology scaling increases the maximum conversion rate, but it decreases the gain and the SNR. To maintain a high SNR level despite the lowvoltage operation, the power consumption needs to be increased. Because of lowered supply voltages, the design of circuits based on operational amplifiers (OpAmps) has become more difficult. Designs without OpAmps have therefore received more attention. One way of realizing low-voltage pipeline ADCs is by using comparator-controlled current sources, instead of conventional OpAmps. Furthermore, successive approximation ADCs and sub-ranging ADCs do not require OpAmps and are therefore suitable for low-voltage operation. ADC designers are now searching for suitable architectures for future nanoscale CMOS processes. key words: analog circuits, integrated circuits, analog-to-digital converter, CMOS, low-power operation, low-voltage operation, technology scaling